WhyVitamin K is essential for synthesising clotting factors needed for normal blood coagulation.
2Multiple choice
What are pathogens?
d) Environmental pollutants
b) c) and d) only
b) A cellular component released by immune cells to neutralize foreign invaders, specifically targeting bacterial cell walls
e) Living or non-living organisms
a) Disease-causing organisms
c) Living organisms
all of the options
a) and e) only
a) and c) only
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WhyPathogens are disease-causing agents, including bacteria and viruses among the listed categories.
3Multiple choice
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a pathogen?
Fungi.
Archaea.
Bacteria.
Viruses.
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WhyArchaea are generally not pathogenic and are not classified among the recognised human disease-causing groups.
4Multiple choice
What is the primary role of the skin in defence against disease?
a) c) and e) only
d) Transporting lymphocytes.
f) Secretes acidic and antimicrobial peptides
a) Acting as a physical barrier.
a) and e) only
b) Producing antibodies.
e) Acting as chemical barrier
a) e) and f) only
e) and f) only
c) Digesting pathogens.
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WhyThe skin defends by forming a physical barrier, secreting protective chemicals, and hosting beneficial microbiota.
5Multiple choice
What is the role of platelets in blood clotting?
To engulf and digest damaged red blood cells and cellular debris at the site of injury, cleaning the wound
To directly convert fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, forming the stable meshwork of the blood clot
To adhere to damaged vessel walls, become activated, aggregate to form a temporary plug, and provide a surface for the coagulation cascade to produce fibrin
To produce and secrete clotting factors like fibrinogen and prothrombin into the plasma, initiating the coagulation cascade
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WhyPlatelets adhere to damaged walls, aggregate into a plug, and provide a surface for the clotting cascade.
6Multiple choice
What protein is converted to fibrin during blood clotting?
Thrombin
Antibody
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
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WhySoluble fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin into insoluble fibrin threads that form the clot mesh.
7Multiple choice
What is the role of phagocytes in infection control?
Producing antibodies.
Activating lymphocytes.
Engulfing and digesting pathogens.
Releasing clotting factors.
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WhyPhagocytes engulf pathogens by endocytosis and digest them with lysosomal enzymes.
8Multiple choice
What is the movement of phagocytes from blood to sites of infection called?
Osmosis.
Amoeboid movement.
Active transport.
Diffusion.
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WhyPhagocytes crawl from blood into infected tissue by amoeboid movement, extending pseudopodia.
9Multiple choice
What are lymphocytes?
Large phagocytic cells primarily responsible for engulfing cellular debris and initiating inflammation
Cells in the adaptive immune system that produce antibodies
Cell fragments that are crucial for blood clotting and wound healing
Cells that make up the skin
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WhyLymphocytes are adaptive immune cells; B-lymphocytes in particular produce antibodies.
10Multiple choice
Where are lymphocytes found?
e) lymph nodes
d) In the respiratory system
a) b) and e) only
a) and e) only
c) In the digestive system
b) In bone marrow
all options a) - e)
a) In the blood
d) and e) only
b) and e) only
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WhyLymphocytes circulate in blood and are also concentrated in lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue.
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