b) A cellular component released by immune cells to neutralize foreign invaders, specifically targeting bacterial cell walls
c) Living organisms
d) Environmental pollutants
e) Living or non-living organisms
all of the options
a) and c) only
a) and e) only
b) c) and d) only
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WhyPathogens are disease-causing agents, including bacteria and viruses among the listed categories.
2Multiple choice
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a pathogen?
Archaea.
Bacteria.
Viruses.
Fungi.
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WhyArchaea are generally not pathogenic and are not classified among the recognised human disease-causing groups.
3Multiple choice
What is the primary role of the skin in defence against disease?
a) Acting as a physical barrier.
b) Producing antibodies.
c) Digesting pathogens.
d) Transporting lymphocytes.
e) Acting as chemical barrier
f) Secretes acidic and antimicrobial peptides
a) and e) only
a) c) and e) only
e) and f) only
a) e) and f) only
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WhyThe skin defends by forming a physical barrier, secreting protective chemicals, and hosting beneficial microbiota.
4Multiple choice
What is the role of platelets in blood clotting?
To adhere to damaged vessel walls, become activated, aggregate to form a temporary plug, and provide a surface for the coagulation cascade to produce fibrin
To directly convert fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, forming the stable meshwork of the blood clot
To engulf and digest damaged red blood cells and cellular debris at the site of injury, cleaning the wound
To produce and secrete clotting factors like fibrinogen and prothrombin into the plasma, initiating the coagulation cascade
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WhyPlatelets adhere to damaged walls, aggregate into a plug, and provide a surface for the clotting cascade.
5Multiple choice
What protein is converted to fibrin during blood clotting?
Fibrinogen
Thrombin
Prothrombin
Antibody
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WhySoluble fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin into insoluble fibrin threads that form the clot mesh.
6Multiple choice
What is the role of phagocytes in infection control?
Engulfing and digesting pathogens.
Producing antibodies.
Activating lymphocytes.
Releasing clotting factors.
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WhyPhagocytes engulf pathogens by endocytosis and digest them with lysosomal enzymes.
7Multiple choice
What is the movement of phagocytes from blood to sites of infection called?
Amoeboid movement.
Diffusion.
Osmosis.
Active transport.
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WhyPhagocytes crawl from blood into infected tissue by amoeboid movement, extending pseudopodia.
8Multiple choice
What are lymphocytes?
Cells in the adaptive immune system that produce antibodies
Cell fragments that are crucial for blood clotting and wound healing
Cells that make up the skin
Large phagocytic cells primarily responsible for engulfing cellular debris and initiating inflammation
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WhyLymphocytes are adaptive immune cells; B-lymphocytes in particular produce antibodies.
9Multiple choice
Where are lymphocytes found?
a) In the blood
b) In bone marrow
c) In the digestive system
d) In the respiratory system
e) lymph nodes
a) and e) only
all options a) - e)
b) and e) only
d) and e) only
a) b) and e) only
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WhyLymphocytes circulate in blood and are also concentrated in lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue.
10Multiple choice
What are antigens?
Antigens are molecular structures, typically proteins or polysaccharides, that can be recognized by specific lymphocyte receptors (TCRs or BCRs) and are capable of eliciting an adaptive immune response
Antigens are complete pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., bacteria or viruses) that directly stimulate B cells to produce antibodies without T cell involvement
Antigens are self-derived proteins, exclusively produced by host cells, that serve as danger signals to activate innate immune cells like phagocytes
Antigens are soluble enzymes released by damaged tissues that directly bind to and neutralize toxins produced by bacteria
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WhyAntigens are molecular structures recognised by lymphocyte receptors that trigger an adaptive immune response.
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